What does the term 'action potential' refer to in neural activity?

The term 'action potential' refers specifically to the rapid depolarization and subsequent repolarization of a neuron's membrane potential that occurs when a neuron is stimulated. This event is crucial for the transmission of signals along the axon of a neuron. When a neuron reaches its threshold potential due to incoming stimuli, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flood into the cell, resulting in a rapid change in the electrical charge across the membrane. This shift, known as depolarization, is what constitutes the action potential. Following this peak, potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to exit the cell, which helps return the membrane potential to its resting state, known as repolarization.

Understanding this process is essential, as action potentials are fundamental to how neurons communicate with each other. This process is distinct from other options presented, which encompass different aspects of neuronal function.